Author Archives: sestir

When will autonomous lorries break through?

As with all discussions of technology that is so new it doesn’t really exist yet, some people compare it to successful inovations (e.g. the Internet) in order to preridicule the pessimists, and some compare it to market failures (e.g. video conferences) in order to make the optimists sound suspect. There is a middle outcome too, that of robotic vacuum cleaners that are slowly gaining market share and that of the paperless office that came somewhat true but didn’t defeat the office stuffed with paper.

An autonomous car turns right in a crossing

The image above exemplifies just a few issues that driverless cars need to be able to handle. It is going to turn right in the crossing and the sun is reflected in the side-window of the green car. An experienced human driver would realize that it is impossible to know whether the car behind the green car blinks left or not, due to the reflection of the sun, so he/she will wait a little. Can a robot ever be sure that a flashing indicator is unlit?
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Getica IV by Jordanes — the united Goths

Translated from section IV of Jordanes’ Getica by the members of the Gothic Language List (gothic-l):
Giuseppe Pagliarulo, Matthew Carver, Tim O’Neill, Francise Czobor, Gerry Taylor, Brian Beck & Sean Crist.
Gothic is followed by Latin for easy comparison and more of Getica can be found here.

Ïaurdanes
?? ?????????? ???????? ??????

𐌸anuh us þizai Skadinaujon sye us smiþjon aljakunje aiþþau aufto sye us kilþein þiudo miþ þiudana seinamma, namin 𐌱aireiks, Γutans spillondau airis þau usgaggan: þaiei sunsei af skipam afsteigandans grundu attaitokun, anaks gebun staþa namo seinata. 𐌾ah auk himma daga, sye merjada, haitada jainar Γutaskadinaujo.
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On a train in Scania

I caught a train to København (Copenhagen) today, from Hässleholm in Scania. It had been a couple of years since I rode a train in Scania and the one thing that has changed since then is the composition of passengers with regard to their country of origin. It used to be 80% Nordic (Swedish/Danish/Scanian) but now it was less than 50% Nordic in my car in both directions.

I sat down next to two men who spoke Arabic, however the teenage boy across the gangway, and his family, spoke a language I could not guess — Albanian it would turn out. He asked me if I spoke English and was relieved that I did. Later when the family were pulling down their luggage from the racks he asked me if this was Malmö Central Station. I replied that, “Nope, it’s Lund. Malmö is the next stop”, and they avoided disaster.

The Arabs next to me said they were going to Copenhagen, yet got off in Malmö. When the ticket-collector came by in the tunnel neath Øresund, he asked another Arabic-looking family where they intended to get off. “Malmö”, the man replied. “In that case you have travelled too far. This is Denmark.”
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Two likely Semitic loanwords in Gothic

Reconstructing Gothic, some say, involves a lot of extrapolation. Apart from Latin and Greek, there are not many sources of Gothic loanwords that are reasonably close to Gothic in place and time and that have a preserved corpus predating the Gothic. If there was, reconstruction would be based on interpolation which is more reliable than extrapolation. But there is Hebrew. Here are a few passages involving Gothic and Hebrew “ak” – a contrasting adverb or conjunctive, and the Gothic word for house “gards” compared with the Hebrew word for a temporary dwelling-place for guests “magor”.

𐌰𐌺 (ak)
— MS: Italy, 500 CE, text-type: Moesia 350 CE
Matthew 6: 18, except
ei ni gasaiwaizau mannam fastands ak attin þeinamma þamma in fulhsnja
Matthew 7: 21, but only
ni wazuh saei qiþiþ mis frauja frauja inngaleiþiþ in þiudangardja himine ak sa taujands yiljan
attins meinis
Matthew 9: 17, but rather
niþþan giutand yein niujata in balgins fairnjans … ak giutand yein juggata in balgins niujans
Mark 1: 44, but
saiw ei mannhun ni qiþais yaiht ak gagg þuk silban ataugjan gudjin
John 16: 26, 27, for/since
ni qiþa izyis þei ik bidjau attan bi izyis ak silba atta frijoþ izyis unte jus mik frijodeduþ
Ephesians 2: 9, 10, for/for indeed
ni us yaurstyam ei was ni wopai ak is sijum taui

אך (ach)
Genesis 9: 4, but/only/except — MS: 1 000 CE, text-type: 600 CE Masoretic
נתתי לצם את-כל אך-בשר בנפשו דמו לא תאכלו
Leviticus 21: 23, but/only — MS: 1 000 CE, text-type: 600 CE Masoretic
ומן-הקדשים יאכל אך אל-הפרכת לא יבא
Isaiah 45:14, for/for … except — MS: 200 BC Dead Sea scroll
ואליכי יתפללו אך בכי אל ואין עוד אל והים

𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards) masculin noun
— MS: Italy, 500 CE, text-type: Moesia 350 CE
Matthew 5: 15, house/room
jah liuteiþ allaim þaim in þamma garda
Matthew 9: 6, home/place
urreisands nim þana ligr þeinana jah gagg in gard þeinana
Mark 3: 25, household
jah jabai gards yiþra sik gadailjada ni mag standan sa gards jains

מגור
(magor) masculin noun, related to גר (geir) sojourner and גור (gour) sojourn
Genesis 12: 10, sojourn — MS: 1 000 CE, text-type: 600 CE Masoretic
וירד אברם מצרימה לגור שם כי-כבד הרעב בארץ
Genesis 37: 1, sojourning-place — MS: ca 50 BC DSS
[וישב יעקב ב]ארץ מגורי אביו בארץ [כנען]
Psalm 55: 16, camps?, Greek has παροικίαις — MS: 1 000 CE, text-type: 600 CE Masoretic
ירדו שאול חיים כי-רעות במגורם בקרבם
Haggai 2: 19, barn/granary — MS: ca 50 BC DSS
[העוד הזרע במ]גורה [ועד הגפן והתאנה והרמון ועץ הזית לא] נשא [מן היום הזה אברך]

Gothic in web pages

Gothic has been written in particularly three scripts (fuþarks or, as some call them, alphabets) — the Elder Fuþark, Wulfilan Script and (today) Latin. Of these, Latin has the best support on Internet-connected devices; indeed you are reading this in Latin script. The Latin alphabet, however, does not match the sounds or characters of Gothic speech so the Latin transcription has added two special characters: þ (thorn) and ƕ (hwair).

In 1999, the Elder Fuþark was included in the Unicode standard so that it is available to most Internet surfers by downloading and installing a font. The runes are scattered across the range 16A0–16FF.

In 2001 Wulfilan script was included. It has numbers 10330-1034A.

With more and more devices supporting Unicode better and better, it is time to ask the question: Is it time to switch back from Latin script to Wulfilan? If not, Latin will certainly stick and cause usage of the special characters to once again disappear from a nascent reconstructed Gothic as it did from Germanic languages in the Dark Ages. But if the switch should happen completely, it may present beginners with a brick-wall of boxes or invisible text, rather than a learning curve, ever so steep.

A solution which tries to both eat a cookie and save it for later, uses Wulfilan script for upper-case except when the Wulfilan character is problematic due to confusion with a Latin character of different value or when the corresponding Latin character is so similar that it does not matter which one is used. For lower case, it uses the Latin transcription which is already in wide use. Upper case letters aren’t used that often in a text, so they can usually be figured out if they do not show properly. An additional simplification is to take the Gothic character which is shaped like a Y, and which is pronounced either w or like a german ü (Nordic and Koine Greek Y) and let it map to y. This frees w, which can be used to represent the hw-sound of ƕ.

The proposal is exemplified in this PDF: Gothic-script-draft

Yet another translation of Genesis 1:1-2

Let’s do one interlinear in Hebrew (Dead Sea scrolls and most Masoretic read the same), one in Greek (LXX) and one from Jerome’s Vulgate in Latin, and see what we get.

בראשית ברא אלהים את השמים ואת הארץ
והארץ היתה תהו ובהו וחשך על-פני תהום
ורוח אלהים מרחפת על-פני המים
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Does Jehovah's Witnesses follow Sola- or Prima Scriptura?

The short answer is: Not exactly.
For the official position of the leadership of Jehovah’s Witnesses, please contact the headquarters via or find information on jw.org. This article present the position of Jehovah’s Witnesses as it comes across to a publisher, that is a member of the organization.
In most congregations this issue has been a no-issue. In late 20th century, Acts 17:11 were read almost every third meeting and you could wake up any publisher at night and say “Beroea”, and they would say something like “aagh yea the noble-minded ones zzz”. Some speakers made clear that whatever is taught from the podium must agree with the whole bible and the listener was left with the impression that if somebody taught something unbiblical, they would no longer be scheduled to give public lectures. Few people considered the possibility that there would arise a public consensus in violation of the bible, or that Watchtower Society could ever teach something unbiblical. Maybe they can’t, for certainly God would take action when an organization carrying his name errs. Probably not immediately though, however the question of what we would be doing in the mean time would be a waste of time as it is more urgent for all of us to fantasize about what we will do in Paradise.
In spite of this, I have been baffled to hear heated discussions lately where some, mostly publishers who were baptized before year 2000, argue a sola scriptura position, while younger publishers argue a rather catholic version of prima scriptura, where the Pope is replaced with the Society.
Sola scriptura means: Only a predetermined canon of scriptures may be used to support claims of divinity for a certain statement, and all teaching, divine or human, must agree with the doctrine set forth in this canon. It implies that a Christian is personally capable of and liable to interpret the bible.
Prima scriptura could mean the same thing, adding that in interpreting the bible, a Christian should make use of reason, experience and other reliable sources, such as peer-reviewed scientific publications. However, usually prima scriptura gets mentioned in connection with the Roman Catholic Church which considers its tradition to be “sacred”, not as authoritative as the bible, but worthy of more consideration than average human scripture.
The introduction of “sacred tradition” makes the whole issue sticky, since what do we do when James and Bertil thinks the bible is clear in stating A, while John, Pernilla and Roger thinks it is ambiguous and tradition clearly states B? John will accuse Bertil of misunderstanding the bible and exhort him to read tradition rather than the bible, and James will claim that Roger is a coward who dare not challenge tradition when it contradicts the bible. Pernilla, for her part, will shout “heretics! heretics!” until disciplinary action has been taken against someone.
Does Jehovah’s Witnesses have “sacred tradition”?
We’re not supposed to have any “sacred” tradition, but we do have tradition and it is certainly older than the organization itself. It originates both with the practices and teachings of Jehovah’s Witnesses world wide, and from the Christian denominations and movements that preceded us. Actually, it is considered obsolete rather than sacred, as witnesses are advised not to bring up articles from the Society that were written long ago.
This means the recently published articles are set apart as more reliable.
Let us look at two statements on this subject that Watchtower Society has made:
[ Cites from magazines were removed in anticipation of EU’s link-tax law, so this comparison can no longer be published. ]
These two statements, though they do not contradict each other, seem to indicate a shift from don’t trust your religious leaders (them) to trust your religious leaders (us) — a shift from sola scriptura to prima scriptura and beyond. This impression is corroborated by the “biblical” lectures held on weekends where the speaker used to say things like: “This is not something I have made up. Look, it is right here in the bible …”. Recently one speaker said: “This is not something I have made up. It is the Society that says so, right here in the disposition.”
The conclusion of the long answer then, is this:
Jehovah’s Witnesses started out in late 20th century from a position rather close to sola scriptura, but today we are in the process of making an agile leap over prima scriptura, and land in a position reminiscent of that of the one Holy and Apostolic Roman Catholic Church. Uh.
Please pray that everybody understand and respect the opinions of their brothers and sisters!
* Watchtower Society sometimes refer to itself as “the faithful [and discreet] slave”, suggesting Matthew 24:45-47 is a prophecy which it fulfills, while verses 48-51 aren’t.